Penn Foster Intro to Biology Exam Study
Guide
_____ are the smallest units of life
Cells
What's the correct order of biological organization?
Population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Modification that makes organisms more suited to their environment is called a/an
Adaptation
Domain whose members live in very harsh environments--like salt lakes and hot springs
Archaea
Control groups, during an experiment, are
Identical to experimental group in all area except the variable being tested
The _____ is a subatomic particle that carries a positive electrical charge
Proton
When an atom has two or more electron shells, the outter shell will be more stable if it contains
8 electrons. This concept is called:
Octet Rule
When two oxygen atoms join together, a _______ is formed
Molecule
The _____ bond is a type of atomic bond in which atoms share electrons to produce a complete
outter shell
Covalent
The polarity of water molecules causes them to be attracted to one another by a _____ bond
Hydrogen
As the number of hydrogen ions in a solution increases, the pH of the solution
,Decreases
During winter only the upper surface of a lake freezes, which allows for life to persist below the
surface. Which of water's unique properties is responsible for this phenomenon?
Lower density as ice
The most abundant element by weight in the human body is
Oxygen
The polysaccharide structural carbohydrate most commonly used by living things is
Cellulose
Which one of the following functional groups is associated with fatty acids?
Carboxyl
The hard body parts of insects and crabs are composed of a polysaccharide called
Chitin
Cell membranes are composed of mainly which type of lipids?
Phospholipids
_____ proteins are made of polypeptide chains folded into rounded compact shapes
Globular
When joined by a dehydration reaction, the covalent bond between the carboxyl groups of two
amino acids is called a _______ bond.
Peptide
The sugar in RNA is:
Ribose
Within cells, the synthesis of proteins occurs in the
Ribosomes
What's the main function of the mitochondria?
Producing ATP
The _____ keep(s) the cytoplasm of Eukaryotic cells separate from the DNA
Nuclear Envelope
, Organelles that use solar energy to make carbohydrates are called
Chloroplasts
The _____ are sometimes called the "powerhouse" of the cell
Mitochondria
The cell-to-cell junctions that allow cells to communicate are called _______ junctions
Gap
In a/an _____ reaction, one reaction releases energy and the second uses energy
Coupled
Which is not a feature of enzymes?
Destroyed by metabolic reactions
Entropy refers to
Relative amount of disorganization in a system
Phagocytosis refers to
Endocytosis
_____ is movement of H2O across semipermeable membranes from high concentration to low
concentration
Osmosis
In the electron pathway for light reactions in photosynthesis, PSII involves
Split water
In plants that absorb blue-violet-green wavelengths of light, what color do they reflect?
Yellow-orange
Example of a CAM plant
Pineapple
Final step of the Calvin cycle
RuBP
Atmospheric carbon dioxide enters leaves through
Guide
_____ are the smallest units of life
Cells
What's the correct order of biological organization?
Population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Modification that makes organisms more suited to their environment is called a/an
Adaptation
Domain whose members live in very harsh environments--like salt lakes and hot springs
Archaea
Control groups, during an experiment, are
Identical to experimental group in all area except the variable being tested
The _____ is a subatomic particle that carries a positive electrical charge
Proton
When an atom has two or more electron shells, the outter shell will be more stable if it contains
8 electrons. This concept is called:
Octet Rule
When two oxygen atoms join together, a _______ is formed
Molecule
The _____ bond is a type of atomic bond in which atoms share electrons to produce a complete
outter shell
Covalent
The polarity of water molecules causes them to be attracted to one another by a _____ bond
Hydrogen
As the number of hydrogen ions in a solution increases, the pH of the solution
,Decreases
During winter only the upper surface of a lake freezes, which allows for life to persist below the
surface. Which of water's unique properties is responsible for this phenomenon?
Lower density as ice
The most abundant element by weight in the human body is
Oxygen
The polysaccharide structural carbohydrate most commonly used by living things is
Cellulose
Which one of the following functional groups is associated with fatty acids?
Carboxyl
The hard body parts of insects and crabs are composed of a polysaccharide called
Chitin
Cell membranes are composed of mainly which type of lipids?
Phospholipids
_____ proteins are made of polypeptide chains folded into rounded compact shapes
Globular
When joined by a dehydration reaction, the covalent bond between the carboxyl groups of two
amino acids is called a _______ bond.
Peptide
The sugar in RNA is:
Ribose
Within cells, the synthesis of proteins occurs in the
Ribosomes
What's the main function of the mitochondria?
Producing ATP
The _____ keep(s) the cytoplasm of Eukaryotic cells separate from the DNA
Nuclear Envelope
, Organelles that use solar energy to make carbohydrates are called
Chloroplasts
The _____ are sometimes called the "powerhouse" of the cell
Mitochondria
The cell-to-cell junctions that allow cells to communicate are called _______ junctions
Gap
In a/an _____ reaction, one reaction releases energy and the second uses energy
Coupled
Which is not a feature of enzymes?
Destroyed by metabolic reactions
Entropy refers to
Relative amount of disorganization in a system
Phagocytosis refers to
Endocytosis
_____ is movement of H2O across semipermeable membranes from high concentration to low
concentration
Osmosis
In the electron pathway for light reactions in photosynthesis, PSII involves
Split water
In plants that absorb blue-violet-green wavelengths of light, what color do they reflect?
Yellow-orange
Example of a CAM plant
Pineapple
Final step of the Calvin cycle
RuBP
Atmospheric carbon dioxide enters leaves through
