📘 Theme 1: LIFE
1.1 Importance of Biology and Milestones
- Cell theory (Schleiden, Schwann)
- Darwin’s theory of evolution
- DNA double helix structure (Watson-Crick)
- Contributions: Medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, environment
---
1.2 Science and Scientific Method
- Steps: Observation > Problem > Data > Hypothesis > Prediction > Experiment > Result
- Even if a hypothesis is wrong, it contributes to scientific knowledge
---
1.3 Scientific Ethics
- Impartiality
- Accuracy
- Citing sources
- Avoiding harm to living beings
---
1.4 Common Characteristics of Living Things
- Cellular Structure: Prokaryote (no nucleus, circular DNA, 70S ribosome), Eukaryote
(nucleus, 80S ribosome)
- Organization: Cell > tissue > organ > system > organism
- Nutrition:
- Autotroph: Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis
- Heterotroph: Animals, fungi
- Euglena: Both autotroph and heterotroph
- Energy Production:
- Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light > C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Aerobic Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
- Fermentation:
- Lactic: Glucose > Lactic acid + 2 ATP
- Alcoholic: Glucose > Ethyl alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP
- Metabolism: Anabolism (building), Catabolism (breakdown)
- Excretion: Human kidney (urea), plant stomata (O2, H2O)
- Growth and Development: Cell division + differentiation
- Reproduction: Asexual (division, budding), sexual (gamete fusion)
- Response to Stimuli: Tropism (phototropism), nastic movements (mimosa leaves)
- Homeostasis: Blood sugar (insulin, glucagon), body temperature (sweating, shivering)
- Variation and Adaptation: Genetic diversity > environmental adaptation
- Viruses: No cell structure, may contain DNA or RNA
1.1 Importance of Biology and Milestones
- Cell theory (Schleiden, Schwann)
- Darwin’s theory of evolution
- DNA double helix structure (Watson-Crick)
- Contributions: Medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, environment
---
1.2 Science and Scientific Method
- Steps: Observation > Problem > Data > Hypothesis > Prediction > Experiment > Result
- Even if a hypothesis is wrong, it contributes to scientific knowledge
---
1.3 Scientific Ethics
- Impartiality
- Accuracy
- Citing sources
- Avoiding harm to living beings
---
1.4 Common Characteristics of Living Things
- Cellular Structure: Prokaryote (no nucleus, circular DNA, 70S ribosome), Eukaryote
(nucleus, 80S ribosome)
- Organization: Cell > tissue > organ > system > organism
- Nutrition:
- Autotroph: Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis
- Heterotroph: Animals, fungi
- Euglena: Both autotroph and heterotroph
- Energy Production:
- Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light > C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Aerobic Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
- Fermentation:
- Lactic: Glucose > Lactic acid + 2 ATP
- Alcoholic: Glucose > Ethyl alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP
- Metabolism: Anabolism (building), Catabolism (breakdown)
- Excretion: Human kidney (urea), plant stomata (O2, H2O)
- Growth and Development: Cell division + differentiation
- Reproduction: Asexual (division, budding), sexual (gamete fusion)
- Response to Stimuli: Tropism (phototropism), nastic movements (mimosa leaves)
- Homeostasis: Blood sugar (insulin, glucagon), body temperature (sweating, shivering)
- Variation and Adaptation: Genetic diversity > environmental adaptation
- Viruses: No cell structure, may contain DNA or RNA
