ENGLISH
GLOBAL
CHALLENGES
COURSE CODE
Prepared By
M .UMAIR RAZA
GOVET. GRADUATE COLLEGE 18 HAZARI
,SR.NO# TOPICS NAME PAGE
N0#
Challenge 1: Climate Change
1 Intro and Framing 3
2 What's the greenhouse effect 5
3 Challenges and risks of climate change 6
4 Geologic History and Planetary Processes 8
5 Oceans: How do ocean currents regulate 10
global dimate
6 Atmosphere: How do large scale wind 12
patterns affect global climate
7 Ecosystems: Climate constrain ecosystems 14
and ecosystems impact global climate
8 Projections of future dimate 15
9 Measuring anthropogenic climate change 17
10 What are GCMS? Carbon emission scenarios 20
11 Sustainability 22
Challenge 2: Energy
12 Science of Energy: Forms of Energy, Energy 25
Conversion
13 Sustainability of Energy Systems 27
14 Working of renewable devices. How do solar 30
cells operate? Photoelectric effect, intro to
semiconductors and band gaps, Wind energy,
Wind mills, Physics of a generator
15 Energy quantification - Energy needs, 32
available resources, renewable vs
nonrenewable, challenges of current practices.
,2
16 Future of Energy 35
Challenge 3: Human survival and infectious disease
17 What are infectious diseases 37
18 Types of infectious diseases 40
19 History of Germs, Vaccines and Diseases 42
20 Evolution by Natural and Artificial Selection 44
21 Why are viruses crossing species barrier? 47
22 Anti-biotic resistance 48
23 Human physiological limits 50
24 Changing interactions and new diseases 52
Science, Technology, and Society
25 Complex web of science, politics and social 55
systems
26 Development of Science in certain areas, Role 57
of Wars
27 Scientific Funding 59
28 Technological Progress and Ethical 61
Constraints
29 Human experiences as Data 64
The Future of Science: Nanotechnology & Biotechnology
30 Nanotechnology and its future applications in 65
Medicine, Food, Computational
Systems,Energy
31 Biotechnology 67
32 Future of foods: Agricultural production, 70
consumption and nutrition
33 Genetic Modification: CRISPR, Gene 72
Therapy
34 Exobiology - Life and humans outside of 75
Earth
, 3
Introductiom to climate change and Framing
Introduction to Climate Change
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the Earth's climate,
particularly a rise in global temperatures and shifts in weather patterns. While
climate change is a natural phenomenon that has occurred throughout Earth’s
history, the current changes are largely attributed to human activities, especially
since the Industrial Revolution.
Key Aspects of Climate Change:
1. Causes:
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for
energy, transportation, and industrial processes releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere.
Deforestation:
Trees absorb CO2, and cutting them down reduces the planet's
capacity to mitigate climate change.
Agricultural Practices: Certain farming techniques release methane and nitrous oxide,
potent greenhouse gases.
2. Impacts:
Rising Temperatures: Global temperatures have increased significantly, leading to
heatwaves and altered weather patterns.
Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes, floods,
droughts, and wildfires.
Melting Ice Caps and Rising Sea Levels: Polar
ice melt contributes to rising sea levels,
threatening coastal communities and ecosystems.
Ecosystem Disruption: Altered habitats affect biodiversity, leading to species
extinction and changes in ecosystem services.
3. Societal Effects:
Economic Consequences: Damage to infrastructure, increased insurance costs, and
impacts on agriculture and fisheries.
Health Risks: Increased respiratory issues, heat-related illnesses, and the spread of
infectious diseases.
Displacement:Climate change can lead to displacement of populations, creating
climate refugees.
GLOBAL
CHALLENGES
COURSE CODE
Prepared By
M .UMAIR RAZA
GOVET. GRADUATE COLLEGE 18 HAZARI
,SR.NO# TOPICS NAME PAGE
N0#
Challenge 1: Climate Change
1 Intro and Framing 3
2 What's the greenhouse effect 5
3 Challenges and risks of climate change 6
4 Geologic History and Planetary Processes 8
5 Oceans: How do ocean currents regulate 10
global dimate
6 Atmosphere: How do large scale wind 12
patterns affect global climate
7 Ecosystems: Climate constrain ecosystems 14
and ecosystems impact global climate
8 Projections of future dimate 15
9 Measuring anthropogenic climate change 17
10 What are GCMS? Carbon emission scenarios 20
11 Sustainability 22
Challenge 2: Energy
12 Science of Energy: Forms of Energy, Energy 25
Conversion
13 Sustainability of Energy Systems 27
14 Working of renewable devices. How do solar 30
cells operate? Photoelectric effect, intro to
semiconductors and band gaps, Wind energy,
Wind mills, Physics of a generator
15 Energy quantification - Energy needs, 32
available resources, renewable vs
nonrenewable, challenges of current practices.
,2
16 Future of Energy 35
Challenge 3: Human survival and infectious disease
17 What are infectious diseases 37
18 Types of infectious diseases 40
19 History of Germs, Vaccines and Diseases 42
20 Evolution by Natural and Artificial Selection 44
21 Why are viruses crossing species barrier? 47
22 Anti-biotic resistance 48
23 Human physiological limits 50
24 Changing interactions and new diseases 52
Science, Technology, and Society
25 Complex web of science, politics and social 55
systems
26 Development of Science in certain areas, Role 57
of Wars
27 Scientific Funding 59
28 Technological Progress and Ethical 61
Constraints
29 Human experiences as Data 64
The Future of Science: Nanotechnology & Biotechnology
30 Nanotechnology and its future applications in 65
Medicine, Food, Computational
Systems,Energy
31 Biotechnology 67
32 Future of foods: Agricultural production, 70
consumption and nutrition
33 Genetic Modification: CRISPR, Gene 72
Therapy
34 Exobiology - Life and humans outside of 75
Earth
, 3
Introductiom to climate change and Framing
Introduction to Climate Change
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the Earth's climate,
particularly a rise in global temperatures and shifts in weather patterns. While
climate change is a natural phenomenon that has occurred throughout Earth’s
history, the current changes are largely attributed to human activities, especially
since the Industrial Revolution.
Key Aspects of Climate Change:
1. Causes:
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for
energy, transportation, and industrial processes releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere.
Deforestation:
Trees absorb CO2, and cutting them down reduces the planet's
capacity to mitigate climate change.
Agricultural Practices: Certain farming techniques release methane and nitrous oxide,
potent greenhouse gases.
2. Impacts:
Rising Temperatures: Global temperatures have increased significantly, leading to
heatwaves and altered weather patterns.
Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes, floods,
droughts, and wildfires.
Melting Ice Caps and Rising Sea Levels: Polar
ice melt contributes to rising sea levels,
threatening coastal communities and ecosystems.
Ecosystem Disruption: Altered habitats affect biodiversity, leading to species
extinction and changes in ecosystem services.
3. Societal Effects:
Economic Consequences: Damage to infrastructure, increased insurance costs, and
impacts on agriculture and fisheries.
Health Risks: Increased respiratory issues, heat-related illnesses, and the spread of
infectious diseases.
Displacement:Climate change can lead to displacement of populations, creating
climate refugees.
