Samenvatting European Law: Justice and Home Affairs
maart 2026
Inclusief Hoorcolleges
1
,Inhoudsopgave
Probleem 1.................................................................................................................................................... 4
Leerdoel 1: What is the Schengen-area?..............................................................................................................4
Leerdoel 2: What are the Schengen-rules on border checks for persons entering the Schengen Area?..............8
Leerdoel 3: Is it possible for Schengen Member States to conduct checks within their territory?.......................9
Leerdoel 4: What are the rules regarding the reintroduction of border controls/closing the borders?............13
Probleem 2.................................................................................................................................................. 19
Leerdoel 1: To which rights are EU citizens and their family members entitled with regard to movement and
residence in another Member State? What about TCNs?..................................................................................19
Leerdoel 2: Under what conditions can EU citizens and their family members lose their right to residence in
another Member States?....................................................................................................................................28
Leerdoel 3: Are TCNs entitled to family reunification under EU law? And what are the conditions?................32
Leerdoel 4: What is the fundamental status of Union citizenship and how far-reaching is this right?.............35
Toepassingsopdracht..........................................................................................................................................47
Probleem 3.................................................................................................................................................. 47
Leerdoel 1: What are the grounds for being considered as refugee (status a)?................................................47
Leerdoel 2: What are the criteria for subsidiary protection (status b)?.............................................................57
Toepassingsopdracht..........................................................................................................................................66
Probleem 4.................................................................................................................................................. 67
Leerdoel 1: What are the common rules on the reception (or: living conditions) of refugees and migrants?. .67
Leerdoel 2: What are the common rules for asylum procedures?.....................................................................69
Leerdoel 3: Are there EU rules that determine which Member State is responsible regarding applications for
international protection?....................................................................................................................................71
Leerdoel 4: Can a transfer under Dublin III Regulation be stopped due to human rights violations?...............74
Toepassingsopdracht..........................................................................................................................................78
Probleem 5.................................................................................................................................................. 79
Leerdoel 1: What is the European Arrest Warrant (EAW)?................................................................................79
Leerdoel 2: When does EAW apply?...................................................................................................................82
Leerdoel 3: Can the execution of a EAW be refused?.........................................................................................85
Toepassingsopdracht..........................................................................................................................................86
Probleem 6.................................................................................................................................................. 87
Leerdoel 1: How are fundamental rights intertwined (verweven) within the legal framework of the EAW?. . .87
Leerdoel 2: Can an EAW be refused for human rights grounds?........................................................................93
Probleem 7................................................................................................................................................ 104
Leerdoel 1: What is the EU legal framework on data protection?...................................................................104
Leerdoel 2: When and to whom do the EU-rules on data protection apply?...................................................104
2
, Leerdoel 3: What are the important principles of data protection?................................................................108
Leerdoel 4: What are the data protection rights for individuals?....................................................................111
Leerdoel 5: Can personal data be transferred to third-countries?...................................................................119
Leerdoel 6: What are the rules and principles the same for collecting and processing personal data for
criminal justice purposes?................................................................................................................................126
Toepassingsopdracht........................................................................................................................................127
Probleem 8................................................................................................................................................ 128
Leerdoel 1: What is Europol (focus on evolution, objectives, competences & tasks, and structure and
composition)?...................................................................................................................................................128
Leerdoel 2: What is the difference and similarities between Europol and Eurojust? And, how do Europol and
Eurojust cooperate?..........................................................................................................................................133
Leerdoel 3: What are the consequences of the fact that Eurojust and Europol were established through
intergovernmental cooperation?......................................................................................................................136
Leerdoel 4: What is Frontex (focus on evolution, objectives, competences & tasks, and structure and
composition)?...................................................................................................................................................137
Toepassingsopdracht........................................................................................................................................142
Hoorcollege............................................................................................................................................... 143
Week 1: Introduction EU and EU Law & Justice and Home Affairs..................................................................143
Week 2: AFSJ and the Individual: Legal Status of EU Citizens and TCN............................................................153
Week 3: Common European Asylum System (CEAS)........................................................................................160
Week 4: Illegal/irregular immigration Judicial and law enforcement cooperation in the criminal justice area
(EAW)................................................................................................................................................................167
Week 5: Data protection and processing in AFSJ.............................................................................................170
Week 6: Institutionalisation of the AFSJ Area: the Role of EU Agencies..........................................................178
Week 7: Fundamental Rights & the AFSJ.........................................................................................................183
3
, Probleem 1
Leerdoel 1: What is the Schengen-area?
Guild et al. (2015). What’s happening to the Schengen borders?
The Schengen Area is an area comprising 26 European states that have officially abolished all
passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders. Primary rule: there are no
internal borders. The Schengen Agreement set out the principal objective of abolishing border
controls between the participating member states (ms) and detailed some of the accompanying
measures aiming at the reinforcement of the control of the external border. The latter consisted of
rules on:
- The crossing of external borders;
- Partial harmonization of visa policy;
- The rights of free circulation for non-EU nationals in the territory of the contracting parties;
- The assignment of responsibility for the processing of asylum claims in their territory.
Vertaling: Het Akkoord van Schengen stelde als hoofddoelstelling de afschaffing van grenscontroles
tussen de deelnemende lidstaten en beschreef een aantal begeleidende maatregelen ter versterking
van de controle aan de buitengrenzen. Deze laatste bestonden uit regels inzake:
- Het overschrijden van de buitengrenzen;
- Gedeeltelijke harmonisatie van het visumbeleid;
- Het recht van vrij verkeer voor niet-EU-onderdanen op het grondgebied van de
overeenkomstsluitende partijen;
- De toewijzing van de verantwoordelijkheid voor de behandeling van asielverzoeken op hun
grondgebied.
Primary law
- Legal basis of Schengen = art. 77 & 79 TFEU
o Art. 77 TFEU absence of control (par. 1 and 2)
The absence of internal border controls (art. 77(1)(a) TFEU)
A common policy (=gemeenschappelijk beleid) on external border controls
(art. 77(1)(b) TFEU)
o Art. 79 TFEU ‘open border’ policy. Because of this, there are no internal borders. A
common immigration policy.
- Legal basis of the right to travel and reside in the territories of the MS = art. 21(1) TFEU
History of the Schengen area
1985: The area is named after the Agreement of Schengen (1985) between France, Germany and the
Benelux (so five EU MS). It operated as a separate system outside EU law until 1999. From 1999, the
Schengen system was incorporated into EU law (through the Treaty of Amsterdam), meaning it
became an official part of the European Union rather than a separate agreement.
1990: second agreement (Schengen Implementing Agreement) signed the participating states
were committed to abolishing intra-member state border controls on persons & a common system of
external border control on the entry of people into the Schengen area.
1995-1999: all EU MS except Ireland and the UK joined the system, and the non-EU MS Iceland,
Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland also joined the system
By the end of 2007: all the EU member states from 2004 had joined the Schengen system of no
border control of persons (with the exception of Cyprus).
4
maart 2026
Inclusief Hoorcolleges
1
,Inhoudsopgave
Probleem 1.................................................................................................................................................... 4
Leerdoel 1: What is the Schengen-area?..............................................................................................................4
Leerdoel 2: What are the Schengen-rules on border checks for persons entering the Schengen Area?..............8
Leerdoel 3: Is it possible for Schengen Member States to conduct checks within their territory?.......................9
Leerdoel 4: What are the rules regarding the reintroduction of border controls/closing the borders?............13
Probleem 2.................................................................................................................................................. 19
Leerdoel 1: To which rights are EU citizens and their family members entitled with regard to movement and
residence in another Member State? What about TCNs?..................................................................................19
Leerdoel 2: Under what conditions can EU citizens and their family members lose their right to residence in
another Member States?....................................................................................................................................28
Leerdoel 3: Are TCNs entitled to family reunification under EU law? And what are the conditions?................32
Leerdoel 4: What is the fundamental status of Union citizenship and how far-reaching is this right?.............35
Toepassingsopdracht..........................................................................................................................................47
Probleem 3.................................................................................................................................................. 47
Leerdoel 1: What are the grounds for being considered as refugee (status a)?................................................47
Leerdoel 2: What are the criteria for subsidiary protection (status b)?.............................................................57
Toepassingsopdracht..........................................................................................................................................66
Probleem 4.................................................................................................................................................. 67
Leerdoel 1: What are the common rules on the reception (or: living conditions) of refugees and migrants?. .67
Leerdoel 2: What are the common rules for asylum procedures?.....................................................................69
Leerdoel 3: Are there EU rules that determine which Member State is responsible regarding applications for
international protection?....................................................................................................................................71
Leerdoel 4: Can a transfer under Dublin III Regulation be stopped due to human rights violations?...............74
Toepassingsopdracht..........................................................................................................................................78
Probleem 5.................................................................................................................................................. 79
Leerdoel 1: What is the European Arrest Warrant (EAW)?................................................................................79
Leerdoel 2: When does EAW apply?...................................................................................................................82
Leerdoel 3: Can the execution of a EAW be refused?.........................................................................................85
Toepassingsopdracht..........................................................................................................................................86
Probleem 6.................................................................................................................................................. 87
Leerdoel 1: How are fundamental rights intertwined (verweven) within the legal framework of the EAW?. . .87
Leerdoel 2: Can an EAW be refused for human rights grounds?........................................................................93
Probleem 7................................................................................................................................................ 104
Leerdoel 1: What is the EU legal framework on data protection?...................................................................104
Leerdoel 2: When and to whom do the EU-rules on data protection apply?...................................................104
2
, Leerdoel 3: What are the important principles of data protection?................................................................108
Leerdoel 4: What are the data protection rights for individuals?....................................................................111
Leerdoel 5: Can personal data be transferred to third-countries?...................................................................119
Leerdoel 6: What are the rules and principles the same for collecting and processing personal data for
criminal justice purposes?................................................................................................................................126
Toepassingsopdracht........................................................................................................................................127
Probleem 8................................................................................................................................................ 128
Leerdoel 1: What is Europol (focus on evolution, objectives, competences & tasks, and structure and
composition)?...................................................................................................................................................128
Leerdoel 2: What is the difference and similarities between Europol and Eurojust? And, how do Europol and
Eurojust cooperate?..........................................................................................................................................133
Leerdoel 3: What are the consequences of the fact that Eurojust and Europol were established through
intergovernmental cooperation?......................................................................................................................136
Leerdoel 4: What is Frontex (focus on evolution, objectives, competences & tasks, and structure and
composition)?...................................................................................................................................................137
Toepassingsopdracht........................................................................................................................................142
Hoorcollege............................................................................................................................................... 143
Week 1: Introduction EU and EU Law & Justice and Home Affairs..................................................................143
Week 2: AFSJ and the Individual: Legal Status of EU Citizens and TCN............................................................153
Week 3: Common European Asylum System (CEAS)........................................................................................160
Week 4: Illegal/irregular immigration Judicial and law enforcement cooperation in the criminal justice area
(EAW)................................................................................................................................................................167
Week 5: Data protection and processing in AFSJ.............................................................................................170
Week 6: Institutionalisation of the AFSJ Area: the Role of EU Agencies..........................................................178
Week 7: Fundamental Rights & the AFSJ.........................................................................................................183
3
, Probleem 1
Leerdoel 1: What is the Schengen-area?
Guild et al. (2015). What’s happening to the Schengen borders?
The Schengen Area is an area comprising 26 European states that have officially abolished all
passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders. Primary rule: there are no
internal borders. The Schengen Agreement set out the principal objective of abolishing border
controls between the participating member states (ms) and detailed some of the accompanying
measures aiming at the reinforcement of the control of the external border. The latter consisted of
rules on:
- The crossing of external borders;
- Partial harmonization of visa policy;
- The rights of free circulation for non-EU nationals in the territory of the contracting parties;
- The assignment of responsibility for the processing of asylum claims in their territory.
Vertaling: Het Akkoord van Schengen stelde als hoofddoelstelling de afschaffing van grenscontroles
tussen de deelnemende lidstaten en beschreef een aantal begeleidende maatregelen ter versterking
van de controle aan de buitengrenzen. Deze laatste bestonden uit regels inzake:
- Het overschrijden van de buitengrenzen;
- Gedeeltelijke harmonisatie van het visumbeleid;
- Het recht van vrij verkeer voor niet-EU-onderdanen op het grondgebied van de
overeenkomstsluitende partijen;
- De toewijzing van de verantwoordelijkheid voor de behandeling van asielverzoeken op hun
grondgebied.
Primary law
- Legal basis of Schengen = art. 77 & 79 TFEU
o Art. 77 TFEU absence of control (par. 1 and 2)
The absence of internal border controls (art. 77(1)(a) TFEU)
A common policy (=gemeenschappelijk beleid) on external border controls
(art. 77(1)(b) TFEU)
o Art. 79 TFEU ‘open border’ policy. Because of this, there are no internal borders. A
common immigration policy.
- Legal basis of the right to travel and reside in the territories of the MS = art. 21(1) TFEU
History of the Schengen area
1985: The area is named after the Agreement of Schengen (1985) between France, Germany and the
Benelux (so five EU MS). It operated as a separate system outside EU law until 1999. From 1999, the
Schengen system was incorporated into EU law (through the Treaty of Amsterdam), meaning it
became an official part of the European Union rather than a separate agreement.
1990: second agreement (Schengen Implementing Agreement) signed the participating states
were committed to abolishing intra-member state border controls on persons & a common system of
external border control on the entry of people into the Schengen area.
1995-1999: all EU MS except Ireland and the UK joined the system, and the non-EU MS Iceland,
Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland also joined the system
By the end of 2007: all the EU member states from 2004 had joined the Schengen system of no
border control of persons (with the exception of Cyprus).
4
