paleobiologie – evolutie
week 1 – lecture 2. from organisms to fossil: types of fossils and taphonomy | R.W. (chapter 5) 5
week 4 – lecture 7. from Carboniferous wetlands to Mesozoic dry biomes | R.W. (chapter 19) 27
week 2 – lecture 3. mass extinctions | A.S. (chapter 8) 9
week 2 – lecture 4. introduction to evolution | E.J. (chapter 16) 12
week 3 – lecture 5. evolution and phylogeny | E.J. (chapter 7) 14
week 3 – lecture 6. early land plants – how life conquered the continents | R.W. (chapter 17) 18
week 8 – lecture 14. paleoclimate paleoecology | A.S. (chapter 3 & 4) 62
week 7 – lecture 13. teeth | A.S. (chapter 18) 60
week 6 – lecture 12. biogeography | A.S. (chapter 13) 54
week 6 – lecture 11. intro to morphometrics & completeness of the fossil record (chapter 6) 50
week 5 – lecture 10. cuticle analysis and climate proxies | R.W. 47
week 5 – lecture 9. Mesozoic: angiosperm terrestrial revolution and paleobotanical climate proxies | R.W. 35
week 4 – lecture 8. city game: finding fossils in Utrecht | E.J. (chapter 12) 33
week 9 – lecture 15. teeth | Anne Schulp (chapter 20) 65
exam 1
mentioned important by professor
marked important by me
,week 1 – lecture 1. introduction to paleobiology | A.S. (chapter 1)
grading fossils = any evidence of past life
● 20% essay (group) ● taphonomy and ‘luck’
● 20% infographic (group) ○ biocoenosis = all organisms of all species alive
● 10% practicals ■ preservation
● 25% mid-term (open book) ● thanatocoenosis = now exposed in outcrops
● 25% final exam (Remindo) ○ found & described
● body fossils
paleobiologie omvat veel disciplines ○ insects and spiders in amber
● biologie evolutie, vijanden, groei ○ pyritized ammonite (and a brachiopod)
● wetenschapshistorie paleo-art ○ plants
● natuurkunde massaspectrometrie ○ complete skeletons, isolated bones, feather imprints
● statistiek reconstructie skelet ● soft tissue preservation
● wiskunde ○ Archaeorphynchus preserving significant soft tissue including
● geologie klimaat probable fossilized lungs
● bewegingswetenschap voortbeweging ● trace fossils = ichnofossils
● scheikunde pigment ○ crawling traces
● diergeneeskunde pathologieën ○ dinosaur footprint/trackways
○ coprolite = fossilized shit
palaeos = old/ancient ● fossil information hidden within
ontoi = beings ○ histology
logos = the science of ○ stable isotopes
○ molecular fossils
biosphere 1. paleoproteomics = ancient protein studies
1. atmosphere 2. DNA
2. oceans, lakes, rivers
3. solid Earth
1
,week 1 – lecture 1. introduction to paleobiology | A.S. (chapter 1)
use of fossils
1. taxonomy = scientific ordering and naming of fossil groups
2. paleobiology
3. paleoenvironmental reconstruction
4. stratigraphy
classification of life
● classical taxonomy
○ mnemonic: Keep Ponds Clean Or Fish Get Sick
1. kingdom
2. phylum
3. class
4. order
5. family
6. genus
taxonomy 7. species
● Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
○ Systema Naturae
2
, week 1 – lecture 1. introduction to paleobiology | A.S. (chapter 1)
● cladistics; based on ancestry stratigraphy
○ clade = group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants ● lithostratigraphy defines lithological units on basis of observable rock
■ branch on the tree of life characteristics
○ monophyletic group = consisting of all the descendants of a ○ lithos = stone
common ancestor ○ stratum = layer
○ paraphyletic group = shared common ancestor, but not all ○ graphein = scratch, write
descendants included ● biostratigraphy uses fossils in correlating lithostratigraphical units
○ polyphyletic group = grouped together, but not sharing an
immediate common ancestor = homoplasy https://stratigraphy.org/chart/
● must know; Eras & Periods of the Phanerozoic + Epochs of the Cenozoic
+ roughly their ages
● mnemonic: Camels Often Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak
● mnemonic: Put Eggs On My Plate, Please Honey
dating
1. biostratigraphy; relative age
2. magnetostratigraphy; absolute age
3. radioisotopes; absolute age (half-life = amount of time in which half of
radioisotopes decay)
4. cyclostratigraphy; absolute age (Milankovitch cycles = variations in
Earth’s trajectory around the Sun)
1) eccentricity
❖ perihelion: Earth closest to Sun
❖ aphelion: Earth farthest from Sun
2) obliquity; more tilt → less ice → warm
3) precession
3
week 1 – lecture 2. from organisms to fossil: types of fossils and taphonomy | R.W. (chapter 5) 5
week 4 – lecture 7. from Carboniferous wetlands to Mesozoic dry biomes | R.W. (chapter 19) 27
week 2 – lecture 3. mass extinctions | A.S. (chapter 8) 9
week 2 – lecture 4. introduction to evolution | E.J. (chapter 16) 12
week 3 – lecture 5. evolution and phylogeny | E.J. (chapter 7) 14
week 3 – lecture 6. early land plants – how life conquered the continents | R.W. (chapter 17) 18
week 8 – lecture 14. paleoclimate paleoecology | A.S. (chapter 3 & 4) 62
week 7 – lecture 13. teeth | A.S. (chapter 18) 60
week 6 – lecture 12. biogeography | A.S. (chapter 13) 54
week 6 – lecture 11. intro to morphometrics & completeness of the fossil record (chapter 6) 50
week 5 – lecture 10. cuticle analysis and climate proxies | R.W. 47
week 5 – lecture 9. Mesozoic: angiosperm terrestrial revolution and paleobotanical climate proxies | R.W. 35
week 4 – lecture 8. city game: finding fossils in Utrecht | E.J. (chapter 12) 33
week 9 – lecture 15. teeth | Anne Schulp (chapter 20) 65
exam 1
mentioned important by professor
marked important by me
,week 1 – lecture 1. introduction to paleobiology | A.S. (chapter 1)
grading fossils = any evidence of past life
● 20% essay (group) ● taphonomy and ‘luck’
● 20% infographic (group) ○ biocoenosis = all organisms of all species alive
● 10% practicals ■ preservation
● 25% mid-term (open book) ● thanatocoenosis = now exposed in outcrops
● 25% final exam (Remindo) ○ found & described
● body fossils
paleobiologie omvat veel disciplines ○ insects and spiders in amber
● biologie evolutie, vijanden, groei ○ pyritized ammonite (and a brachiopod)
● wetenschapshistorie paleo-art ○ plants
● natuurkunde massaspectrometrie ○ complete skeletons, isolated bones, feather imprints
● statistiek reconstructie skelet ● soft tissue preservation
● wiskunde ○ Archaeorphynchus preserving significant soft tissue including
● geologie klimaat probable fossilized lungs
● bewegingswetenschap voortbeweging ● trace fossils = ichnofossils
● scheikunde pigment ○ crawling traces
● diergeneeskunde pathologieën ○ dinosaur footprint/trackways
○ coprolite = fossilized shit
palaeos = old/ancient ● fossil information hidden within
ontoi = beings ○ histology
logos = the science of ○ stable isotopes
○ molecular fossils
biosphere 1. paleoproteomics = ancient protein studies
1. atmosphere 2. DNA
2. oceans, lakes, rivers
3. solid Earth
1
,week 1 – lecture 1. introduction to paleobiology | A.S. (chapter 1)
use of fossils
1. taxonomy = scientific ordering and naming of fossil groups
2. paleobiology
3. paleoenvironmental reconstruction
4. stratigraphy
classification of life
● classical taxonomy
○ mnemonic: Keep Ponds Clean Or Fish Get Sick
1. kingdom
2. phylum
3. class
4. order
5. family
6. genus
taxonomy 7. species
● Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
○ Systema Naturae
2
, week 1 – lecture 1. introduction to paleobiology | A.S. (chapter 1)
● cladistics; based on ancestry stratigraphy
○ clade = group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants ● lithostratigraphy defines lithological units on basis of observable rock
■ branch on the tree of life characteristics
○ monophyletic group = consisting of all the descendants of a ○ lithos = stone
common ancestor ○ stratum = layer
○ paraphyletic group = shared common ancestor, but not all ○ graphein = scratch, write
descendants included ● biostratigraphy uses fossils in correlating lithostratigraphical units
○ polyphyletic group = grouped together, but not sharing an
immediate common ancestor = homoplasy https://stratigraphy.org/chart/
● must know; Eras & Periods of the Phanerozoic + Epochs of the Cenozoic
+ roughly their ages
● mnemonic: Camels Often Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak
● mnemonic: Put Eggs On My Plate, Please Honey
dating
1. biostratigraphy; relative age
2. magnetostratigraphy; absolute age
3. radioisotopes; absolute age (half-life = amount of time in which half of
radioisotopes decay)
4. cyclostratigraphy; absolute age (Milankovitch cycles = variations in
Earth’s trajectory around the Sun)
1) eccentricity
❖ perihelion: Earth closest to Sun
❖ aphelion: Earth farthest from Sun
2) obliquity; more tilt → less ice → warm
3) precession
3
