English grammar summary
Chapter 9 = type of sentences
Independent clause = Subject + verb and can stand alone as a sentence
Dependent clause = Formed with a subordinator. It also contains a subject and a verb;
however it does not express a complete though and can’t stand alone.
The most common subordinators
After If Whenever
Although Since Where
As if So that Wherever
As soon as That Whether
Because Though Which
Before Unless While
Even though Until Who
How What Whom
When Whose
Kinds of sentences
∇ Simple sentence = One independent clause
John met Sarah in Paris and fell in love with her
John = sub
Met = Verb
Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level
Freshwater= sub
Boils = verb
∇ Compound sentence = 2 or more independent clauses linked together in 3 different ways
1. With a coordinator
Comma + fanboys ( for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
‘’Harry and Bill met Sarah in Paris and they fell in love with her ‘’
2. With a conjunctive adverb (p. 179)
Semicolon + conjunctive adverb + comma
‘’He worked very hard; as a result, he suffered a burnout’’
Conjunctive adverb Meaning/use
Also, besides, furthermore, in addition, To add a similar, equal idea
moreover
As well
Too
However, nevertheless, nonetheless, To add an unexpected or surprising
still continuation
1
, On the other hand, in contrast To add a complete contrast
Otherwise To give an alternative possibility, often
negative
Accordingly, as a result, consequently, To add an expected result
hence, therefore, thus
For example, for instance To add an example
3. With a semicolon
‘’He suffered a burnout last year; he had worked too hard’’
The sentences have to be closely related
∇ Complex sentences = one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
One idea is more important than the other. Put the most important as the independent clause
3 types of complex sentences:
1. With a noun clause (zelfstandig naamwoord)
Begins with that if/whether or a wh- question word. It acts like a noun and can be either
the subject or an object of the independent clause.
‘’ That there is a hole in the ozone layer of Earth’s atmosphere is well known.’’
Wh-question word:
-who - why
-whoever - how
-whom - how much
-which - how many
-what - how long
-where - who often
-when
Dependent noun clause: what I have seen here is awful or Scientists know what caused it.
2. With an adverb clause (bijwoord)
begins with a subordinator such as; when, while, because, although, if, so or that. It can
come before or after an independent clause.
Dependent adverb clause
Independent adverb clause
‘’Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920.’’
‘’A citizen can vote in the United States when he or she is 18 years old.’’
3. With an adjective clause
First word is usually a relative pronoun (who, whom, which,whose or that) or relative
adverb (where or when)
2
Chapter 9 = type of sentences
Independent clause = Subject + verb and can stand alone as a sentence
Dependent clause = Formed with a subordinator. It also contains a subject and a verb;
however it does not express a complete though and can’t stand alone.
The most common subordinators
After If Whenever
Although Since Where
As if So that Wherever
As soon as That Whether
Because Though Which
Before Unless While
Even though Until Who
How What Whom
When Whose
Kinds of sentences
∇ Simple sentence = One independent clause
John met Sarah in Paris and fell in love with her
John = sub
Met = Verb
Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level
Freshwater= sub
Boils = verb
∇ Compound sentence = 2 or more independent clauses linked together in 3 different ways
1. With a coordinator
Comma + fanboys ( for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
‘’Harry and Bill met Sarah in Paris and they fell in love with her ‘’
2. With a conjunctive adverb (p. 179)
Semicolon + conjunctive adverb + comma
‘’He worked very hard; as a result, he suffered a burnout’’
Conjunctive adverb Meaning/use
Also, besides, furthermore, in addition, To add a similar, equal idea
moreover
As well
Too
However, nevertheless, nonetheless, To add an unexpected or surprising
still continuation
1
, On the other hand, in contrast To add a complete contrast
Otherwise To give an alternative possibility, often
negative
Accordingly, as a result, consequently, To add an expected result
hence, therefore, thus
For example, for instance To add an example
3. With a semicolon
‘’He suffered a burnout last year; he had worked too hard’’
The sentences have to be closely related
∇ Complex sentences = one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
One idea is more important than the other. Put the most important as the independent clause
3 types of complex sentences:
1. With a noun clause (zelfstandig naamwoord)
Begins with that if/whether or a wh- question word. It acts like a noun and can be either
the subject or an object of the independent clause.
‘’ That there is a hole in the ozone layer of Earth’s atmosphere is well known.’’
Wh-question word:
-who - why
-whoever - how
-whom - how much
-which - how many
-what - how long
-where - who often
-when
Dependent noun clause: what I have seen here is awful or Scientists know what caused it.
2. With an adverb clause (bijwoord)
begins with a subordinator such as; when, while, because, although, if, so or that. It can
come before or after an independent clause.
Dependent adverb clause
Independent adverb clause
‘’Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920.’’
‘’A citizen can vote in the United States when he or she is 18 years old.’’
3. With an adjective clause
First word is usually a relative pronoun (who, whom, which,whose or that) or relative
adverb (where or when)
2
