Summary Preparation LAS entry test - Laboratory Animal Science (MED-BMS10)

1. Organization of the body
Proximal = nearer to the body (use only for structures on limbs)
Distal = further away from the body/trunk (use only for structures on limbs)

Deep = into the body
Superficial = more to surface of body

Superior (for humans)/Cranial = near to the head
 Rostral = nearer to the nose
 Cephalic = in or related to the head
Inferior/Caudal = near to the tail

Lateral = away from midline body
Medial = towards midline body

Peripheral = away from the center of the body (one point)
Central = towards the center of the body (one point)

Anterior/Ventral = near to the belly
Posterior/Dorsal = near to the back




Transverse direction = devides upper and lower body
Sagittal direction = devides left and right site
Coronal planes = devides dorsal and ventral (back and front)

,Physiology = branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living
things, form the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the
integrated behaviour of the whole body and the influence of the external
environment
Anatomy = the science that studies the structure of the body

Metabolism = all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of
our cells (anabolism + catabolism) = All the chemical processes that take place
in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body
 Anabolism = the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones >
requires energy
 Catabolism = the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones >
release energy




Ventral cavity = Viscera = collective term for all organs in thoraric and abdomino-
pelvic cavities
 Thoraric cavity = chest cavity (heart, lungs)
 Abdomino-pelvic cavity = abdomen cavity (stomach, small intestine, colon,
rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, bladder)
Dorsal cavity = brain and spinal cord

Clavicle = sleutelbeen
Carpals = wrist bones
Phalanges = finger bones

Cervival / cervix = neck > cervical vertabrae are superior to the rib cage

Hypochondriac = region of abdomen inferior to the ribs

Right sacral = staartbotje region

2. Skin (integumentary system)

, Superficial Epidermis = surface epithelium of the skin overlying dermis
(contains most of normal flora, bacteria)
 Stratum corneum (most superficial layer epidermis, waterproof): not
comprised of living cells
o Body protection against dehydration and form bacteria in the same
way that the peel of (say) an apple protects its content
o Keratinocytes: Keratin is deposited in them > protective
protein, less prone to scratching or tearing than other types of cells
your body produce
 Makes skin waterproof and kills cells
 Found in claws, nails, hoofs
o Glycolipid in between cells
 Stratum granulosum & stratum lucidum
 Squamous cell layer
 Stratum germinativum (deepest layer epidermis) / basal layer
o Keratinocytes are actively dividing
o Melanocytes produce melanin
o Dendrocytes migrate to the skin from bone marrow and become
macrophages here
o Merkel cells are sensory receptors of the skin

Dermis = thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true
skin
 Papillary dermal layer = upper layer
o Thin arrangement of collagen fibers
o Most superficial layer that also contains capillaries, lymphatics
and sensory neurons
 Reticular dermal layer = lower layer
o Thicker collagen fibers

 Contains:
o Blood capillaries
o Hair roots
o Several types of sensory receptors
 Free nerve endings or encapsulated
o Exocrine sweat and oil glands
 Sebaceous glands > produce sebum (oil)
 Sudiferous gland > sweat glands
 Eccrine/merocrine through duct
 Apocrine through hair follicle

 Epithelial tissue = layer of cells that line hollow organs and glands
o Glands = organs that produce and secrete fluids > exocrine (with
ducts) or endocrine (directly in bloodstream)
 Deeper dermis = contains much connective tissue

Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue, hypodermis, not part of
skin/integument)
 Network of fat and collagen cells
 Hairs
 Feathers
 Claws
 Hoofs