,Inhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 5
METINGEN .................................................................................................................................................. 5
UITDAGINGEN BIJ PSYCHOLOGISCHE METINGEN: ....................................................................................... 5
HOOFDSTUK 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Herhaling uit jaar 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Problemen bij psychologische metingen: ...................................................................................................... 9
HOOFDSTUK 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Centrale drang(central tendency) ............................................................................................................... 10
Variabiliteit/variantie .................................................................................................................................. 11
Covariantie ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Correlatie ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Variantie-covariantie matrix ....................................................................................................................... 13
Composiet scores ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Binaire items ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Interpreteren van testscores ...................................................................................................................... 14
Z-scores ................................................................................................................................................... 14
T-scores .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Percentiel ranken ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Normaliseren van scores ........................................................................................................................... 16
Mean.N..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Hoofdstuk 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Inleiding factoranalyse ............................................................................................................................... 18
Test dimensionaliteit.................................................................................................................................. 18
Unidimensionale testen ............................................................................................................................. 19
Multidimensionale test ongecorreleerd ....................................................................................................... 19
Multidimensionale test gecorreleerd........................................................................................................... 20
Explanatory factor analysis ........................................................................................................................ 21
Eigenvalues............................................................................................................................................... 22
Roteren..................................................................................................................................................... 24
Orthogonale methode ............................................................................................................................... 27
Non-orthogonale/oblique methode ............................................................................................................ 28
Factor analyse bij binaire items .................................................................................................................. 29
2
,Hoofdstuk 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 30
Inleiding: betrouwbaarheid / klassieke test theorie ...................................................................................... 30
Vier manieren om over betrouwbaarheid te denken ..................................................................................... 32
Standaard error van metingen .................................................................................................................... 35
Domain sampling theorie ........................................................................................................................... 35
Test modellen............................................................................................................................................ 36
Hoofdstuk 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 36
INLEIDING: BETROUWBAARHEID ............................................................................................................... 36
Paralellen testen ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Parallel test - test-retest ............................................................................................................................. 38
Parallel test - alternate forms ..................................................................................................................... 39
Interne consistentie betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................ 40
Interne consistentie - split-half ................................................................................................................... 41
Interne consistentie - Cronbach’s alpha/ruwe alpha .................................................................................... 42
Interne consistentie - gestandaardiseerde coëfficient alpha......................................................................... 44
Interne consistentie vs. Dimensionaliteit..................................................................................................... 44
Het aanpassen van de lengte van een test ................................................................................................... 44
Steekproef homogeniteit en betrouwbaarheidsgeneralisatie ........................................................................ 46
Betrouwbaarheid van de verschilscores ...................................................................................................... 46
Hoofdstuk 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 48
INLEIDING: BETROUWBAARHEID ............................................................................................................... 48
Puntschatting a.d.h.v. regression to the mean .............................................................................................. 49
Betrouwbaarheidsintervallen voor true scores............................................................................................. 51
Correlatie en attenuation/verzwakking ........................................................................................................ 52
Effect sizes en statistische significantie ...................................................................................................... 54
T-test met cohen’s d .................................................................................................................................. 55
F-test met eta-squared .............................................................................................................................. 57
Item-totaal correlatie ................................................................................................................................. 58
ITEM DISCRIMINATIE INDEX ....................................................................................................................... 60
Item difficulty (mean) en item variance ....................................................................................................... 63
Hoofdstuk 8 ............................................................................................................................................ 65
Inleiding: validiteit ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Test content/test inhoud ............................................................................................................................ 68
Internal structure/interne structuur ............................................................................................................ 69
3
, Response processes/reactieprocessen ...................................................................................................... 70
Relatie met andere variabelen .................................................................................................................... 70
Consequence of use/consequentie van het gebruik ..................................................................................... 71
Verschillende perspectieven ...................................................................................................................... 72
Hoofdstuk 9 ............................................................................................................................................ 73
Inleiding: validiteit ..................................................................................................................................... 73
Nomologisch netwerk ................................................................................................................................ 73
Methoden voor het evalueren van convergente en discriminante validiteit ..................................................... 74
Soorten van varianties ............................................................................................................................... 77
Factoren die van invloed zijn op een validiteitscoëfficiënt ............................................................................. 78
Interpreteren validiteitscoëfficiënt: kwadrateren van correlatie..................................................................... 81
Interpreteren validiteitscoëfficiënt: schatten van praktische effecten ............................................................ 81
Interpreteren validiteitscoëfficiënt: richtlijnen of normen voor een veld ......................................................... 87
Interpreteren validiteitscoëfficiënt: statistische significantie ........................................................................ 88
Samenvatting h8 en h9; validiteit ................................................................................................................ 89
Hoofdstuk 10 .......................................................................................................................................... 93
Inleiding: response bias ............................................................................................................................. 93
Soorten biases .......................................................................................................................................... 95
Methoden voor het omgaan met respons bias ............................................................................................. 98
Detecteren van bias en ingrijpen............................................................................................................... 100
HOOFDSTUK 11 .................................................................................................................................... 102
Inleiding: test bias ................................................................................................................................... 102
Item Discriminatie Index (IDI) ................................................................................................................... 104
Factor analyse ........................................................................................................................................ 105
Differentiële item functie analyse ............................................................................................................. 105
RANK ORDER .......................................................................................................................................... 106
Basics van regressie analyse .................................................................................................................... 107
Intercept bias .......................................................................................................................................... 108
Slope bias ............................................................................................................................................... 109
4
HOOFDSTUK 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 5
METINGEN .................................................................................................................................................. 5
UITDAGINGEN BIJ PSYCHOLOGISCHE METINGEN: ....................................................................................... 5
HOOFDSTUK 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Herhaling uit jaar 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Problemen bij psychologische metingen: ...................................................................................................... 9
HOOFDSTUK 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Centrale drang(central tendency) ............................................................................................................... 10
Variabiliteit/variantie .................................................................................................................................. 11
Covariantie ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Correlatie ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Variantie-covariantie matrix ....................................................................................................................... 13
Composiet scores ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Binaire items ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Interpreteren van testscores ...................................................................................................................... 14
Z-scores ................................................................................................................................................... 14
T-scores .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Percentiel ranken ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Normaliseren van scores ........................................................................................................................... 16
Mean.N..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Hoofdstuk 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Inleiding factoranalyse ............................................................................................................................... 18
Test dimensionaliteit.................................................................................................................................. 18
Unidimensionale testen ............................................................................................................................. 19
Multidimensionale test ongecorreleerd ....................................................................................................... 19
Multidimensionale test gecorreleerd........................................................................................................... 20
Explanatory factor analysis ........................................................................................................................ 21
Eigenvalues............................................................................................................................................... 22
Roteren..................................................................................................................................................... 24
Orthogonale methode ............................................................................................................................... 27
Non-orthogonale/oblique methode ............................................................................................................ 28
Factor analyse bij binaire items .................................................................................................................. 29
2
,Hoofdstuk 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 30
Inleiding: betrouwbaarheid / klassieke test theorie ...................................................................................... 30
Vier manieren om over betrouwbaarheid te denken ..................................................................................... 32
Standaard error van metingen .................................................................................................................... 35
Domain sampling theorie ........................................................................................................................... 35
Test modellen............................................................................................................................................ 36
Hoofdstuk 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 36
INLEIDING: BETROUWBAARHEID ............................................................................................................... 36
Paralellen testen ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Parallel test - test-retest ............................................................................................................................. 38
Parallel test - alternate forms ..................................................................................................................... 39
Interne consistentie betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................ 40
Interne consistentie - split-half ................................................................................................................... 41
Interne consistentie - Cronbach’s alpha/ruwe alpha .................................................................................... 42
Interne consistentie - gestandaardiseerde coëfficient alpha......................................................................... 44
Interne consistentie vs. Dimensionaliteit..................................................................................................... 44
Het aanpassen van de lengte van een test ................................................................................................... 44
Steekproef homogeniteit en betrouwbaarheidsgeneralisatie ........................................................................ 46
Betrouwbaarheid van de verschilscores ...................................................................................................... 46
Hoofdstuk 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 48
INLEIDING: BETROUWBAARHEID ............................................................................................................... 48
Puntschatting a.d.h.v. regression to the mean .............................................................................................. 49
Betrouwbaarheidsintervallen voor true scores............................................................................................. 51
Correlatie en attenuation/verzwakking ........................................................................................................ 52
Effect sizes en statistische significantie ...................................................................................................... 54
T-test met cohen’s d .................................................................................................................................. 55
F-test met eta-squared .............................................................................................................................. 57
Item-totaal correlatie ................................................................................................................................. 58
ITEM DISCRIMINATIE INDEX ....................................................................................................................... 60
Item difficulty (mean) en item variance ....................................................................................................... 63
Hoofdstuk 8 ............................................................................................................................................ 65
Inleiding: validiteit ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Test content/test inhoud ............................................................................................................................ 68
Internal structure/interne structuur ............................................................................................................ 69
3
, Response processes/reactieprocessen ...................................................................................................... 70
Relatie met andere variabelen .................................................................................................................... 70
Consequence of use/consequentie van het gebruik ..................................................................................... 71
Verschillende perspectieven ...................................................................................................................... 72
Hoofdstuk 9 ............................................................................................................................................ 73
Inleiding: validiteit ..................................................................................................................................... 73
Nomologisch netwerk ................................................................................................................................ 73
Methoden voor het evalueren van convergente en discriminante validiteit ..................................................... 74
Soorten van varianties ............................................................................................................................... 77
Factoren die van invloed zijn op een validiteitscoëfficiënt ............................................................................. 78
Interpreteren validiteitscoëfficiënt: kwadrateren van correlatie..................................................................... 81
Interpreteren validiteitscoëfficiënt: schatten van praktische effecten ............................................................ 81
Interpreteren validiteitscoëfficiënt: richtlijnen of normen voor een veld ......................................................... 87
Interpreteren validiteitscoëfficiënt: statistische significantie ........................................................................ 88
Samenvatting h8 en h9; validiteit ................................................................................................................ 89
Hoofdstuk 10 .......................................................................................................................................... 93
Inleiding: response bias ............................................................................................................................. 93
Soorten biases .......................................................................................................................................... 95
Methoden voor het omgaan met respons bias ............................................................................................. 98
Detecteren van bias en ingrijpen............................................................................................................... 100
HOOFDSTUK 11 .................................................................................................................................... 102
Inleiding: test bias ................................................................................................................................... 102
Item Discriminatie Index (IDI) ................................................................................................................... 104
Factor analyse ........................................................................................................................................ 105
Differentiële item functie analyse ............................................................................................................. 105
RANK ORDER .......................................................................................................................................... 106
Basics van regressie analyse .................................................................................................................... 107
Intercept bias .......................................................................................................................................... 108
Slope bias ............................................................................................................................................... 109
4
