MWH’s Water Treatment
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PROBLEM 2-1 
Problem Statement - Given the following test results, determine the mole fraction of 
calcium (Ca2+). 
Concentration, Concentration, 
Cation mg/L Anion mg/L 
Ca2+ 40.0 HCO – 
3 91.5 
Mg2+ 12.2 
2– 
SO4 72 
Na+ 15.1 Cl– 22.9 
K+ 5.1 
– 
NO3 5.0 
Solution 
1. By definition, using Eq. 2-2, the mole fraction of Ca2+ is as follows. 
n 2+ 
x Ca 
Ca2+ n 2+ n 2+ n + n + 
HCO n 2- n - n - 
3 4 3 
2. Substituting in the MW for each of the constituents yield...
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