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PSIO 431 IMMUNO UAZ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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---41maart 20262025/2026A+
- PSIO 431 IMMUNO UAZ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
A new species of rodent is found on a tiny island. Genetic analysis shows that it is fully inbred. When its 
immunoglobulin genes are examined, its H chain region shows 4 V, 3 D and 5 J segments. It has no 
lambda light chains, only kappa; they have 5 V, and 3 J (there are no D regions in light chains). So, 
ignoring any somatic mechanisms except V(D)J recombination, the germ line alone predicts that this 
animal could make how many antibodies? 
4...
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STANGRADES
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PSIO 431 Exam 2 Questions and Answers with complete
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---12maart 20262025/2026A+
- What are the specifications for a successful T cell? - ️️1. It must not recognize self 
to bind tightly to become activated 
2. It must not recognize free antigen 
3. Recognize antigenic peptide plus self MHC. 
Explain the process of B cells receiving help from T cells. - ️️1. B cell binds to 
epitope it is specific for. 
2. Then endocytoses the bound molecule,and is broken down in endocytic vesicle 
3. peptide fragments bind with MHC class II brought by vesicles that fuse with 
endosome...
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Brainarium
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PSIO 431 Exam 1 Questions With Correct Solutions, Already Passed!!
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---6maart 20262025/2026A+
- what does histamine do - ️️causes vasodilation and vascular permeability 
what do the granule components of mast cells do - ️️call in neutrophils and 
eosinophils 
what is immediately degranulated by mast cells - ️️Tryptase, cytokines, histamine, 
neutrophil chemotactic factor, eosinophil chemotactic factor 
what do mast cells have to make - ️️prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, growth 
factors 
where are PRRs found - ️️on surface of T cells, B cells, neutrophils, almost...
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Brainarium
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PSIo 431 Study Guide Rated 100% correct
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---7maart 20262025/2026A+
- During contraction, all of the following happen, EXCEPT: 
Question 6 options: 
The H/M line disappears 
The Z-lines move closer together 
The A-Bands get shorter 
The I-Bands get shorter 
The A-Bands get shorter 
A decreased afterload would have the following affect: 
Question 7 options: 
Pulmonary edema would develop 
Left ventricle would dilate 
Heart would contract more quickly 
Heart would contract more quickly 
Apart from lymphocytes, which type makes up the HIGHEST percentage of white cell...
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PSIO 431 Test 1 Questions With Correct Solutions, Already Passed!!
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---1maart 20262025/2026A+
- What do PRRs recognize? - ️️PAMPs or DAMPs 
PAMP - ️️Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern 
DAMP - ️️Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern 
TLR - ️️Toll-Like Receptors 
What happens when TLR bind foreign patterns? - ️️Signaling cascades are 
activated (PAMP; releases cytokines) -> expression of factors that cause inflammation 
4 Commensal Floras - ️️- Good bacteria 
- Antibiotics 
- Defensins 
- Cathelicidins 
PRR - ️️Pattern-Recognition Receptors 
6 Stimuli for Acut...
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Brainarium
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PSIO 431 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
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---24maart 20262025/2026A+
- What is SCID-X1? Where is the defect located? - CORRECT ANSWER-More than half 
the cases are X-linked. In the commonest of these (SCID-X1), the defect is in the gene 
for the gamma chain that forms part of the receptors for IL-2 (Th1 secretes IL-2, which 
helps CTL (killer T cells) get fully activated after they recognize antigen.) and other 
growth factors necessary for lymphoid development, or their signaling pathways. 
What is the other mode of inheritance (not X linked) for people with SCID?...
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psio 431 test review | Questions and Answers | 2026 Update | 100% Correct.
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---1maart 20262025/2026A+
- A pregnant woman finds out that she has been exposed to measles. She is worried that 
her fetus might be infected. You take a cord (fetal) blood sample and find antibodies 
that bind to the measles virus!! After calling the lab for more information, you tell the 
woman not to worry. What did you tell her next? - ️️The antibodies to measles were 
IgG, so the fetus is making it's own immune response so not to worry 
________ cells make ________ to attract and retain "alternatively activa...
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PSIO 431 EXAM I QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLU
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---30maart 20262025/2026A+
- what are commensal floras? - ️️good bacteria, antibiotics, defensins, cathelicidins 
that live on skin and protect us from bad bacteria 
what structures of the innate immune system are important for starting the inflammatory 
process? - ️️PRRs 
(t) or (f): all invertebrates and vertebrates have PRRs - ️️true 
what are the functions of the *innate* immune system? (4) - ️️1) detect intruders 
2) inactivate intruders 
3) destroy intruders 
4) remove intruders 
(t) or (f): invertebra...
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