Highflyer

What is osteopenia? correct answer: Unusually low bone mass that leads to osteoporosis What is osteoporosis? correct answer: A disease characterized by abnormal bone loss When and how is osteoporosis detected? correct answer: - In 990-970 BC - Bone mass is measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) or CT scan What is the most common method of detection? correct answer: DEXA or CT scan What are the anatomical sites used during detection? correct answer: lumbar spine, pr...

Structure of Randomized Trial Study Design correct answer: -Begin with a defined population that is randomized to receive new treatment or current treatment. Follow subjects to see how many improved in the new treatment group compared to how many are improved in the current treatment group. If the new treatment is associated with a better outcome, we would expect to find better outcome in more of the new treatment group than the current treatment group. -Individuals in both groups must have s...

Hippocrates' work is part of the history of epidemiology because he: correct answer: published the book On Airs, Water, and Places EIS Officers have been trained to analyze person, place, and time to determine the source of an outbreak. EIS Officers have used their skills to investigate the following outbreaks: correct answer: all of the options are correct Answers: Anthrax outbreak in 2001 September 11th terror attacks E. coli outbreak in flour all of the options are correct Pub...

Epidemiology correct answer: Cornerstone of public health Focuses on the distribution and causes of disease (in time and place) in human populations and on developing and testing ways to prevent and control disease Tries to determine cause and effect If we understand a disease/what causes it/risk factors, then we should be able to figure out how to prevent it Population science To implement prevention, we must understand causation Epidemiologic Transition correct answer: The trans...

Pandemic correct answer: an epidemic occurring worldwide or over a very wide area crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people Endemic correct answer: the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population Epidemic correct answer: the occurrence, in a community or region, of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectations Epid...

quadratic formula - [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / (2a) slope formula - (y₂- y₁) / (x₂- x₁) integers - ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... rationals - fractions (anything expessable as a ratio of integers) reals - integers, rationals, plus special #s (like √2 or pi) order of opperations - PEMDAS (Parentheses / Exponents / Multiply / Divide / Add / Subtract...

Confounding correct answer: A factor that is connected to two other factors that makes the other two factors appear related even though they are not; distort the apparent relationship between the exposure and the outcome Comparing populations correct answer: Combining two population frequencies into a single summary parameter to estimate the association between exposure and disease Relative risk correct answer: A ratio of disease frequencies for two populations, which indicates how much...

Case-Control design for exposure and outcome study base Study basis is determined by following up retrospectively Four Case-control study steps after determining exposure and outcome study base 1.Find cases 2.Match for control 3.Measure exposure late odds ratio Who are the cases and controls Cases: people with outcome Control:representative of all persons with out disease in population Exaggerating effect size (relative vs absolute risk) Relative risk reduction: makes effect size seem...

A disease transmitted through a mosquito bite is an example of ______ transmission. Active Passive Direct Indirect correct answer: Indirect In an outbreak investigation, which of the following measures might be calculated? Attack rate Case-fatality rate Relative risk All of the above correct answer: All of the above Concerning a host during an epidemic, which is NOT true? The infectious agent grows inside the host The host need not be human The host is always infected ...

Broncoville has a population of 100,000. In 2011, there 1,000 deaths in the population from all causes. There were 300 cases of tuberculosis (TB) identified. In 2011, 110 people died of TB. What is the cause-specific mortality rate per 1,000 population? correct answer: 1.10 TB deaths per 1,000 population in 2011 All proportions are ratios, but not all ratios are proportions. correct answer: True In a recent study of dental erosion in 5-year-old children, 202 healthy school-attending chil...