Medicine & Surgery notes

Gastroenterology summary tables. This tables provide full insight to all GI diseases, focusing on epidemiology, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Useful to focalise concept regarding all GI diseases. Help in understanding clinical cases

These notes include information about cellular oncology and most common chemical, physical, and biological agents. Notes on main hallmarks of cancer cells, tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes. Examples of most common mutated genes in tumours and possible therapeutic opportunities

Notes of cellular oncology. These notes give insight on the hallmarks of cancer cells. The main blocks are: Cell senescence and apoptosis resistance: pathogenesis, telomeres, and therapeutic opportunities. Angiogenesis: HIF-1alpha and its role in promoting angiogenesis, angiogenic switch, relation with metastasis, and therapeutic opportunities. Deregulation of cellular metabolism: Warburg effect, changes in cell metabolism, ROS and cancer. Metastasis: promotion of tumour invasion, circulatin...

Notes on cellular oncology: Etiology of cancer, staging, and grading. IARC classification of cancer-related substances and examples. Cancer screening and therapeutic options. Tumour heterogeneity. Oncogenes: discovery, Ras, c-myc, BRAF, HER2, BCR-ABL (Philadelphia chromosome); each oncogene is described by giving information regarding the cellular pathogenesis, related cancers, and possible targeted therapies. Tumour suppressor genes: Rb, p53, MSH1, MSH2, APC, NF1, BRCA1 and BRCA2, XP, MEN...

Notes on chemical, physical and biological agents. Chemical agents: acid and bases, toxins, acetaminophen, ethanol, ethylene glycol, methanol, ROS, mercury and iron intoxication. Physical agents: ionising and non-ionising radiations, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, damages caused by ionising radiations and radiotherapy, UV rays and related-damages. Biological agents: toxins, endotoxins and exotoxins, examples of most important exotoxins (e. g. cholera toxin, staphylococcal toxin, botulinum ...

Notes of pathophysiology. They include information regarding most of the body's system pathophysiology. Cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, vascular, and endocrine pathophysiology

Notes of pathophysiology of thyroid and thermoregulation. Thyroid: physiology, thyroid hormones production and function; hypothyroidism, classification, diagnosis, clinical presentation; hyperthyroidism, classification, diagnosis, clinical presentation; goitre, pathogenesis and types. Thermoregulation: description of body's temperature regulation; difference between fever and hyperthermia; pathogenesis of heat stroke; differentiation between exertional and classic heat stroke; iatrogenic hype...

Notes of pathophysiology of shock and anaemia. Shock: pathogenesis, types (haemorrhagic, cardiogenic, and distributive), clinical presentation, signs and symptoms, therapy. Anaemia: clinical presentation (hypoxia, compensatory mechanisms, jaundice, other associated symptoms), classification (reduced RBC production, maturation defects, haemoglobin defects, haemolytic anaemia), differentiation based on laboratory investigation (Hct, reticulocyte count, MCV). Well-detailed description of most imp...

Notes of respiratory pathophysiology. Physiology of respiratory systems and determinants of respiration. Obstructive pathologies: asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and COPD. Restrictive pathologies: interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Pneumonia: pathogenesis, classification, and related signs and symptoms. Pulmonary embolism (PE): risk factors, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis

Notes of renal pathophysiology. Glomerulopathies: nephrotic and nephritic syndromes, gluomerulopathies due to immune complexes. Tubular pathologies: acute tubular necrosis, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis.