BIOB51

BIOB51 TERM QUESTIONS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE Why sex? To increase genetic diversity and adaptability. What did John Maynard Smith mean by the two-fold cost of sex? Sexual reproduction expends resources on mate search and competition. What is Muller’s ratchet? What is the relationship between the ratchet analogy and genetic load? accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual populations. The analogy highlights the irreversible accu...

BIOB51 LECTURE 11-12: PATTERNS OF SELECTION EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE broad categories of selection and the patterns of selection falling under each (2) 1. patterns that maintain genetic diversity - negative frequency-dependence - heterozygote advantage, heterozygote overdominance - heterozygote inferiority, heterozygote underdominance 2. patterns that reduce genetic diversity - directional selection, one allele favoured - heterozygote inferiori...

BIOB51 LEC 5&6 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE Phylogeny evolutionary history of a lineage or lineages - can depict populations, genes, species, or higher taxonomic units phylogenetic Tree visual representation of a phylogeny Node represents common ancestors for all descendent lineages Branch lineage evolving through time; connects successive speciation events or other branching events Taxa units of classification Clade a common ancest...

BIOB51 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED What is a species? smallest independent evolving unit that follows its own evolutionary path Why do we have such a difficult time defining species? because they are no clearly defined lines and hard to compartmentalize for humans how are extinct species classified(2) hybridization and morphological differences how are extant species classified(2) behaviour, DNA, location What is the phylogenetic species concept? sma...

BIOB51 ALL CONTENT EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE What is the difference between theories and laws? Theories explain why, laws describe. What is the scale and concept of time for the common ancestor of humans and chimps? 5-7 million years ago. Why is it difficult to demonstrate evolution? It's hard to look retrospectively. What are synapomorphies? Shared homologous traits. What are some synapomorphies of whales? Mammary glands, 3 middle...

BIOB51 MIDTERM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED Why is it often difficult to conceptualize biological evolution? We cannot conceptualize the concept of time What is the difference between a theory and a fact? A theory is supported by facts What is the relationship between theory and law? Laws describe, theories explain Why is it important that we have a grasp on the concept of time, in an evolutionary sense? That expanse of time defines the realm of biologi...

BIOB51 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED Gene control region Upstream section of DNA that includes the promoter region and other regulatory sequences which influences the transcription of DNA Repressor A protein that binds to a sequence of DNA or RNA and inhibits the expression of 1+ genes Transcription factor A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences and acts like a light switch by turning all the sequences on or off simultaneously Complex adaptatio...

BIOB51 LEC 9/10 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE Population group of individuals of same species living in same area - interbreed, producing fertile offspring Population genetics study of processes that change allele & genotype frequencies in populations How do we get changes in allele frequencies? 1. Mutation modifies allele frequencies by continually introducing new alleles 2. Genetic drift causes allele frequencies to change randomly ...

BIOB51 DEFINITIONS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE Coalescence: Moving back through time to determine when/where alleles diverged/arose Multiregional model Homosapiens evolved gradually across the entire old world over last 1 million years from an older species of hominin Out-of-Africa model Homosapiens all evolved in Africa alone and migrated supported by phylogenetic models Synonymous (silent) mutations (S) Does NOT alter amino acid sequence...

BIOB51 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE Why sex? genetic variation two fold cost of sex slows down rate of reproduction due to reduced reproducing individuasl asexual reproduction should be more abundant if it produces equal no of offspring with equal fitness MUllers ratchet asexual populations will keep accumulating harmful alleles with no way to purge them increasing genetic load genetic load burden due to deleterious mutations Mcdonald dif...