BLD 402

BLD 402: BILIRUBIN EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ What role do splenic macrophages play in the trafficking and matabloism of bilirubin? -Seperates hemoglobin into heme and globin and converts -Heme oxygenase converts heme into biliverdin -Biliverdin reductase converts biliverdin into unconjugated bilirubin What happens to unconjugated bilirubin once it leaves the spleen and enters the blood flow? Unconjugated bilirubin binds to albumin because it is ...

BLD 402 PANCREAS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE Excretion control 1. Ampulla: common bile duct and pancreatic duct join here 2. Sphincter: The muscle closes/opens the ampulla Regulation of exocrine enzymes activity 1. Activation of digestive enzyme: most enzymes are secreted as inactive form to prevent digesting pancreas itself= activated in duodenum by activating enzyme 2. pH: enzymes are not active until pH becomes adequate by HCOs- (neutral...

BLD 402 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE What is unconjugated bilirubin produced from and where? heme in the spleen/rbcs how and why does unconjugated bilirubin move in the blood? rides with albumin because it is lipid soluble how and why does conjugated bilirubin move in the blood? freely because it is water soluble how does urobilinogen end up in the body? it gets reabsorbed through portal vein and sent back to liver how does urobilinogen...

BLD 402 HEART EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ Ischemia inadequate blood supply to tissue/organ Angina chest pain from lack of oxygen Process of myocardial infarction Onset of MI: - Atherosclerosis: artery is narrowed by lipid deposition - Ischemia: how much blood flow require now vs. how much can be supplied - thrombus formation Cellular events: Step 1: no/low blood flow Step 2: changes in myocardial metabolism due to low/no oxygen: problem in gas/meta...

BLD 402 BILIRUBIN EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ Bilirubin formation Spleen: 1. Separates heme from globin 2. Heme oxygenate converts it to biliverdin 3. biliverdin reductase converts it to unconjugated bilirubin Blood flow: 1. Unconjugated bilirubin binds to albumin because it is insoluble in water Liver: 1. Hepatic uptake: unconjugated bilirubin binds to transport protein to cross the hepatic cell membrane and leaves albumin 2. In hepatocytes, unconju...

BLD 402 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++ List and define the hormonal, physiologic, and biochemical factors involved in the regulation of total body water -What each hormone does -What would trigger the secretion -How are they related to each other Physiological activity: protein function, circulation, etc. It is a solvent for all the biochemical reactions and transportations Hormonal: keeping water (hypothalamus and RAA system) and removing water ...

BLD 402 THYROID EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ Folicular cells Synthesize T3 and T4 Colloid thyroglobulin (with T3, T4) storage Regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis Hypothalamus-(TRH)-Pituitary-(TSH)-Thyroid-(T3,T4)- Target cells thyroglobulin tyrosine rich protein Thyroid hormone synthesis - Many steps induced by TSH Step 1. there is enough dietary iodine in blood flow Step 2. Follicular cells take I- in, and move it into colloids Step 3. Follicu...

BLD 402 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++ What will happen when there is not enough glucose in the body? -Catabolism. -Increased cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine. What will happen if there is too much glucose in body? -Anabolism. -Increased insulin. Insulin stimulates... -Glucose uptake. -Glycolysis. -Glycogenesis. -Triglyceride synthesis. -Protein Synthesis. -Na+/K+ ATPase activity. Insulin inhibits... -Glycogenolysis. -Lip...

BLD 402 - EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++ Bilirubin trafficking: Heme → ________________ → unconjugated bilirubin → conjugated bilirubin → __________________ biliverdin; urobilinogens In the breakdown of hemoglobin, macrophages and heme oxygenase... separate heme and globin, convert Fe2+ to Fe3+. After heme and globin have been separated, heme oxygenase... converts heme to biliverdin. (CO is exhaled, Fe is recycled) Unconjugated bilir...

BLD 402: CATECHOLAMINES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE Neurotransmitter vs hormone catecholamines are neurotransmitter and also hormones. - Neurotransmitter: released from a neuron to an adjacent cell - hormone: released from endocrine glands into circulation/ to adjacent cells Biosyntheis Sites: - adrenal medulla: mainly epinephrine - neurons of sympathetic nerves and CNS: mainly norepinephrine, some dopamine Metabolism of free catecholamine...